Pragmatism, as a philosophical movement, is often seen as an anti-Cartesian approach due to its rejection of certain foundational Cartesian principles.

Descartes, in his philosophy, emphasized the primacy of foundational knowledge through a methodical doubt and the reliance on clear and distinct ideas as the basis for certainty. In contrast, Pragmatism, particularly through the works of Charles Peirce, William James, and John Dewey, challenges several key Cartesian assumptions:

Anti-Foundationalism: Descartes sought to establish a foundation of knowledge based on indubitable first principles, such as “I think, therefore I am.” Pragmatism critiques this by asserting that knowledge does not require absolute foundations but rather evolves through practical consequences and outcomes in human experience. Knowledge is seen as a dynamic process rather than a static set of foundational truths.
Contextualism and Pluralism: Cartesian philosophy often aimed for universal truths that transcend individual contexts. Pragmatism, however, emphasizes the contextual nature of knowledge. Truths are understood within specific situations, and what is true or meaningful can vary across different contexts and perspectives. This pluralistic view contrasts with Cartesian universalism.
Instrumentalism: Pragmatism adopts an instrumentalist stance towards beliefs and knowledge. Rather than focusing on the intrinsic truth or correspondence of beliefs to reality (as in Cartesian correspondence theory of truth), pragmatists emphasize the practical consequences and utility of beliefs. This instrumentalist approach values beliefs based on their effectiveness in guiding action and solving problems.
Empirical Methodology: While Descartes relied on rationalism and deduction as primary methods of inquiry, Pragmatism integrates empirical methods alongside reasoning. Pragmatists emphasize the importance of experimental inquiry, observation, and experience in developing knowledge. This empirical approach contrasts with Descartes’ prioritization of a priori reasoning.
Fallibilism: Pragmatism embraces fallibilism, the recognition that all beliefs and knowledge claims are subject to revision and potential error. This contrasts with Descartes’ pursuit of indubitable certainty. Pragmatists argue that knowledge evolves through ongoing inquiry and openness to new evidence, challenging the Cartesian quest for absolute certainty.

In essence, the anti-Cartesian foundation of Pragmatism lies in its rejection of foundationalism, its emphasis on the practical consequences and contextual nature of beliefs, its integration of empirical methods, and its acceptance of fallibilism. Pragmatism shifts the focus from abstract, universal principles to practical consequences and the dynamic nature of human experience, thereby offering a distinctly different philosophical framework from Descartes’ rationalism.