The General Adaptation Syndrome (GAS) is a theoretical framework proposed by Hans Selye, a pioneer in stress research, to describe how organisms respond to stressors.
Selye’s model suggests that the body’s response to stress unfolds in three stages: alarm, resistance, and exhaustion.
- Alarm Stage: The alarm stage is the initial phase of the stress response, triggered when the body perceives a stressor. In this stage, the body’s sympathetic nervous system activates the “fight-or-flight” response, releasing stress hormones such as adrenaline and cortisol. Physiological changes occur rapidly to prepare the body to cope with the perceived threat, including increased heart rate, heightened alertness, and mobilization of energy reserves.
- Resistance Stage: If the stressor persists or intensifies beyond the initial alarm reaction, the body enters the resistance stage. In this stage, the body attempts to adapt to the ongoing stress by maintaining heightened physiological arousal and mobilizing additional resources to cope with the demands of the stressor. Hormonal levels may remain elevated, and physiological changes may become more pronounced as the body works to maintain homeostasis and cope with the stressor.
- Exhaustion Stage: If the stressor continues unabated or if the body’s resources become depleted over time, the exhaustion stage sets in. In this stage, the body’s adaptive mechanisms become overwhelmed, and its ability to cope with stress diminishes. Physiological functioning may become compromised, and individuals may experience symptoms of burnout, fatigue, illness, or emotional distress. Prolonged exposure to chronic stress in the exhaustion stage can increase the risk of physical and mental health problems, such as cardiovascular disease, depression, and immune dysfunction.
Selye’s General Adaptation Syndrome model provides a framework for understanding how the body responds to stressors and adapts over time. While the model emphasizes the body’s physiological responses to stress, it also recognizes the role of psychological and social factors in shaping individuals’ experiences of stress and coping.
It’s important to note that not all stressors follow the same pattern, and individuals may respond differently to stress depending on various factors, such as the nature and severity of the stressor, individual differences in coping styles and resilience, and the availability of social support. Additionally, while acute stress can be adaptive and enhance performance in the short term, chronic or prolonged stress can have detrimental effects on health and well-being, highlighting the importance of effective stress management and coping strategies.