The situational approach to leadership, also known as the situational leadership theory (SLT), was developed by Paul Hersey and Ken Blanchard in the late 1960s.
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This approach emphasizes that effective leadership is not static but rather contingent upon the characteristics of the followers and the situation at hand.
The key premise of the situational approach is that leaders should adapt their leadership style based on the readiness or maturity level of their followers in relation to a specific task or goal. Readiness, in this context, refers to the extent to which followers demonstrate the ability and willingness to accomplish a particular task.
The situational leadership model identifies four primary leadership styles, which are based on the combination of directive behavior (task-oriented) and supportive behavior (relationship-oriented):
- Telling (S1): In this style, leaders provide clear instructions and closely supervise followers to ensure tasks are completed. This style is most appropriate when followers have low readiness levels and require high levels of direction and support.
- Selling (S2): Leaders using the selling style provide both directive guidance and supportive behaviors. They explain decisions and solicit input from followers, aiming to persuade them to buy into the task or goal. This style is suitable when followers have some level of readiness but still require direction and encouragement.
- Participating (S3): The participating style involves leaders focusing more on supportive behaviors and less on directive guidance. Leaders encourage followers to take on more responsibility and participate in decision-making processes. This style is effective when followers have moderate to high readiness levels and can contribute to task accomplishment.
- Delegating (S4): In the delegating style, leaders provide minimal direction and support, allowing followers to take ownership of tasks and make their own decisions. This style is most appropriate when followers have high readiness levels and are capable of working independently.
The situational leadership approach emphasizes flexibility and the ability of leaders to adapt their style based on the needs of their followers and the demands of the situation. Leaders are encouraged to diagnose the readiness level of their followers and apply the most appropriate leadership style to achieve optimal results.
Overall, the situational approach acknowledges that effective leadership is not one-size-fits-all and requires leaders to be responsive and adaptable to the dynamic nature of their followers and the environment in which they operate.